Combined Competitive Examination 2023 Evening 1C2024 15-12-2024

1. Daya Ram Shani discovered the Indus valley civilization.
2. The Indus valley civilization belongs to Chalcolithic age .
3. Taxila,historically known as Takshashila.
4. A ruined city Taxila is located in Punjab.
5. Dharmajika Stupa in Taxila was built in the era of  Kushans.
6. Heavy Mechanical Complex, Taxila was set up with the aid of China .
7.  Tanks and Missiles  instruments are made in Taxila Engineering Works.

1.  Khilji Dynasty ruled after the Slave Dynasty (1206 AD to 1290 AD).
2. Jalaluddin Khilji  was the founder of Khilji Dynasty(1290 AD to 1320 AD).
3. Alauddin Khilji   killed his uncle and father-in-law Jalaluddin Khilji   in 1296.
4.  Sultan Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah (Son)  (reigned 1316-1320)  succeeded Alauddin Khilji (Father ) in 1316.
5.  Alai Darwaza movement Alauddin Khilji build during his region.
6.  Alauddin Khilji impose tax Jizya on Hindus during his rule.
7. Horse branding and soldiers' detailed records was Alauddin Khilji's main strategy to control corruption in his army.
8.   Fixed prices of essential goods  policies  Alauddin Khilji implement to control prices. 
9.  Malik Kafur is Alauddin Khilji's generals who  conquest Gujarat.
10. Ghazi Malik  led a revolt and took control of Delhi in 1320.

1.  Battle of Plassey fought in 1757.
2. Battle of Plassey was fought between Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula and Lord Clive .
3. After the battle of Plassey, the throne of Bengal was handed over to Mir Jaffar.
4. First Battle of Tarain (1191),Second Battle of Tarain (1192)
5. The battle of Tarain was fought between Muhammad of Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan .
6. Battle of Ghaghra battles took place in 1529.
7.  Battle of Waterloo  (1815) fought in Belgium .

✅ Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor of India, died in exile in Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar) on 7 November 1862.

 ✅ Key Facts for Exams:

•  ➡️ Name: Bahadur Shah II (Bahadur Shah Zafar)
•  ➡️ Died:  7 November 1862
•  ➡️ Place of Death: Rangoon (Yangon), Burma (Myanmar)
•  ➡️ Cause: Died in exile after the failure of the 1857 War of Independence
•  ➡️ Burial: Near Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon

 🔄 Note: 

✅ Bahadur Shah Zafar was born in: Delhi, India

 Key Details for Exams:

•  ➡️ Full Name: Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din Muhammad
•  ➡️ Popular Name: Bahadur Shah II or Bahadur Shah Zafar
•  ➡️ Born On: 24 October 1775
•  ➡️ Place of Birth: Delhi, Mughal Empire (now in India)
•  ➡️ Father: Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II.

1. Book in the Line Of Fire is written by Pervaiz Musharraf.
2. Book Daughter of East written by Benazair Bhutto .
3. Book A brief history of time by Stephen Hawking .
4. Book : Pakistan : Heart of Asia was written by : Liaquat Ali khan .
5. The Book Long Walk to freedom is written by Nelson Mandela .
6. A self help book The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Written by Whom Stephen R. Covey.
7. A self help book Think and Grow rich written by whom Napoleon Hill.
8.  Book Making of Pakistan K.K Aziz .
9. Book Emergence of Pakistan wrote by  Ch Muhammad Ali 
10.  Author of book Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh

1. Book in the Line Of Fire is written by Pervaiz Musharraf.
2. Come Be My Light  written by Mother Terasa 
3. Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy written by Henry Kissinger 
4. My Life Book by Bill Clinton
5. A Brief History of Time is written by Stephen Hawking
6. Book Daughter of East written by Benazair Bhutto .
7. Book A brief history of time by Stephen Hawking .
8. Book : Pakistan : Heart of Asia was written by : Liaquat Ali khan .
9. The Book Long Walk to freedom is written by Nelson Mandela .
10. A self help book The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Written by Whom Stephen R. Covey.
11. A self help book Think and Grow rich written by whom Napoleon Hill.
12.  Book Making of Pakistan K.K Aziz .
13. Book Emergence of Pakistan wrote by  Ch Muhammad Ali 
14.  Author of book Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh

1.  The book On the Origin of Species was written by Darwin (1859) .
2. A new deal for Asia book written by Mahathir Muhammad (1999). 
3.  Author of the book The Clash of Civilizations is Samuel P. Huntington(1996) .
4. Importance of Division of Work was the first time highlighted in Das Capital .This book was written by Karl Marx (1867) .  
5. Author of the book Gulliver's Travels is Jonathan Swift (28 October 1726).
6.  Living history is a book by Hillary Clinton (2003).
7. The Famous book The Republic was Written by Plato(375BC) . 
8. The Lessons of History is a Famous book by Will Durant (1968).

1.  The book On the Origin of Species was written by Darwin (1859) .
2. A new deal for Asia book written by Mahathir Muhammad (1999). 
3.  Author of the book The Clash of Civilizations is Samuel P. Huntington(1996) .
4. Importance of Division of Work was the first time highlighted in Das Capital .This book was written by Karl Marx (1867) .  
5. Author of the book Gulliver's Travels is Jonathan Swift (28 October 1726).
6.  Living history is a book by Hillary Clinton (2003).
7. The Famous book The Republic was Written by Plato(375BC) . 
8. The Lessons of History is a Famous book by Will Durant (1968).

1.      Book Making of Pakistan  Khursheed Kamal Aziz (K.K Aziz) (1967) .

2.     Book Emergence of Pakistan wrote by  Ch Muhammad Ali (1967)

3.      Author of book Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh(1956)

4.     The author of the book Time Machine is :H.G . Wells(1895)

5.     The book On the Origin of Species was written by Darwin (1859)

6.     A new deal for Asia book written by Mahathir Muhammad (1999)

7.      Author of the book The Clash of Civilizations is Samuel P. Huntington(1996)  

8.     Importance of Division of Work was the first time highlighted in Das Capital . This book was written by Karl Marx (1867)

9.      Author of the book Gulliver's Travels is Jonathan Swift (28 October 1726)

1.     A Brief History of Time is written by Stephen Hawking(1988)

2.     Book Daughter of East written by Benazair Bhutto .(1988)

4.     The Book Long Walk to freedom is written by Nelson Mandela(30 November 1994) .

5.     A self help book The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Written by Whom Stephen R. Covey(August 15, 1989).

6.     A self help book Think and Grow rich written by whom Napoleon Hill (1937).

7.      Book Making of Pakistan  Khursheed Kamal Aziz (K.K Aziz) (1967) .

8.     Book Emergence of Pakistan wrote by  Ch Muhammad Ali (1967)

9.      Author of book Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh(1956)

10.  The author of the book Time Machine is :H.G . Wells(1895)

1.     A Brief History of Time is written by Stephen Hawking(1988)

2.     Book Daughter of East written by Benazair Bhutto .(1988)

3.     Book : Pakistan : Heart of Asia was written by : Liaquat Ali khan(1950) .

4.     The Book Long Walk to freedom is written by Nelson Mandela(30 November 1994) .

5.     A self help book The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Written by Whom Stephen R. Covey(August 15, 1989).

6.     A self help book Think and Grow rich written by whom Napoleon Hill (1937).

7.      Book Making of Pakistan  Khursheed Kamal Aziz (K.K Aziz) (1967) .

8.     Book Emergence of Pakistan wrote by  Ch Muhammad Ali (1967)

9.      Author of book Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh(1956)

10.  The author of the book Time Machine is :H.G . Wells(1895)

1.   Author of Kitab ul Hind is Al Biruni.   
2.  Kitab al Qanun fit-Tibb was written by  Ibn Sina.    
3.  Kitabul khiraj " was written by  Imam Yousaf.    
4. Kitab Ul Asar is written by whom Imam Abu Hanifa.      
5. Kitab al- ibar, was diwan al-mobtadae wa al-Khabar book wrote by Ibn-e-Khuldun.  
6. Kitabul Manazar wrote by Ibn al-Haytham. 
7. Kitabul Halwan is authored by Abu Usman Omro.
8. Kitabul shiffa was written by Bu Ali Sina.

1.Famous character Sherlock Holmes was  written by Sir Arthur Canon Doyle(1887)

"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes," was published in 1892.

2.The character of James bond was created by which famous novelist Ian Fleming(1953)

3.Harry potter is the famous character of: J.K Rowlling, The first Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published on June 26, 1997.

4.Famous character of Dracula is Bram stoker(May 26, 1897)

5.Ahmed Khan Kharal the famous character of war of independence belong to Jhamra, Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal ( c1776 – 21 September 1857), known as the Nawab of Jhamra, was a Punjabi Muslim chieftain of the Kharal tribe who led a rebellion in the Bar region of Punjab against the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The most recent is Moosa Harraj, who was elected President for the Michaelmas Term (Autumn) of 2025. 

Earth's atmosphere has five primary layers, listed from the surface upward:
1.  ✅ Troposphere: 0–12 km (0–7 miles), where weather occurs.
2. ✅  Stratosphere: 12–50 km (7–31 miles), contains the ozone layer.
3.  ✅ Mesosphere: 50–80 km (31–50 miles), where meteors burn up.
4.  ✅ Thermosphere: 80–700 km (50–440 miles), includes the ionosphere.
5. ✅  Exosphere: 700–10,000 km (440–6,200 miles), merges with space.
Sometimes, the ionosphere (overlapping thermosphere and exosphere) and magnetosphere (beyond exosphere) are considered additional regions due to their unique properties, but the five layers above are the standard classification.

Stone is a unit of: Mass (or Weight)

Additional Info :

• ✅1 Stone = 14 Pounds (lbs)
• ✅1 Stone ≈ 6.35 Kilograms (kg)
• ✅Commonly used in UK and Ireland for measuring body weight.

Light year is a unit of distance, not time. 

Explanation:

• ✅ A light year is the distance that light travels in one year in a vacuum.
• ✅ Light travels at about 300,000 kilometers per second, so:
• ✅ 1 light year ≈ 9.46 trillion kilometers (9.46 × 10¹² km)
• ✅ Or ≈ 5.88 trillion miles
• ✅ Light year = unit of distance
• ✅ Julian year = unit of time

A light-year is a unit of distance, specifically used in astronomy to measure vast distances between celestial objects. It represents the distance that light travels in one Julian year (365.25 days) in a vacuum. 

✅ The nonrenewable source of energy is: Nuclear Energy .

Nonrenewable source of energy refers to energy sources that cannot be replaced easily once used.

🛢 Examples of Nonrenewable Sources:

• ✅ Coal
• ✅ Oil (Petroleum)
• ✅ Natural Gas
• ✅ Nuclear Energy (Uranium)

🔁 Difference:

✅ Renewable Energy   Solar, Wind, Hydro  (Replenishes naturally) 

✅ Nonrenewable Energy Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy  (Finite and depletes).

✅ Solar cells convert: Solar energy into electrical energy

📘 Explanation:

• ✅Solar cells (also called photovoltaic cells) convert sunlight (solar energy) directly into electricity.
• ✅This process is called the Photovoltaic Effect.

✅ James Chadwick received the Nobel Prize for: Discovery of the Neutron

📘 Explanation:-

• ✅James Chadwick, a British physicist, discovered the neutron in 1932.
• ✅ He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935 for this discovery.

Why it was important:

• ✅ The discovery of the neutron helped in understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus.
• ✅ It also played a key role in the development of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb.

Carbonated drinks contain approximately 90% or more water — typically between 90% to 99%.

 📘 Explanation:

Carbonated drinks are mostly made of water, with the rest being:

• ✅Carbon dioxide (gas)
• ✅ Flavors
• ✅ Sweeteners
• ✅ Additives

✅ Noble Gas:

A noble gas is a chemical element in Group 18 (also called Group VIII-A) of the Periodic Table. Noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonreactive under normal conditions.

✅They are called noble gases because they are inert (non-reactive) under normal conditions.

📘 Noble Gases List (Group 18 of Periodic Table):

1. ✅ Helium (He)(2Atomic Number ) 
2. ✅ Neon (Ne) (10Atomic Number ) 
3. ✅ Argon (Ar)(18 Atomic Number ) 
4. ✅ Krypton (Kr)(36 Atomic Number )  
5. ✅ Xenon (Xe) (54 Atomic Number ) 
6. ✅ Radon (Rn) (86 Atomic Number ) 
7. ✅ Oganesson (Og) (radioactive and synthetic) . (118 Atomic Number ) 

📘 Explanation:

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals, microbes) interacting with non-living components (air, water, soil, climate) in a specific area.

✅ Main Parts of an Ecosystem:

An ecosystem has two main parts:

✅  Parts of an ecosystem:
Biotic (living) + Abiotic (non-living) components.

🔹 1. Biotic Components (Living things):

These are the living organisms in an ecosystem.

• Producers (e.g., plants, algae)
• Consumers
  • Primary consumers (herbivores)
  • Secondary consumers (carnivores)
  • Tertiary consumers (top predators)
• Decomposers (e.g., fungi, bacteria)

🔹 2. Abiotic Components (Non-living things):

These are the non-living physical and chemical parts of the environment.

• Air
• Water
• Soil
• Temperature
• Sunlight
• Minerals

Insectivorous plants (also called carnivorous plants) are known to engulf and digest other small organisms — mainly insects, not plants.But no known plant naturally engulfs and digests other plants.

📌 Important Point for Exams:

🔹 Examples of Insectivorous Plants:

•  ✅  Venus flytrap
•  ✅  Pitcher plant
•  ✅  Sundew
•  ✅  Bladderwort

These plants:

• Grow in nutrient-poor soils
• Trap and digest insects to get nitrogen and minerals.

📘 Definition:

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs another cell, particle, or microorganism by wrapping its cell membrane around it and forming a vesicle.

🔹 Example in the Human Body:

• White blood cells (like macrophages) perform phagocytosis to engulf bacteria and dead cells.

📘 Definition:

Animals that eat both plants and animals as part of their diet are called omnivores.

🔹 Examples of Omnivores:

• Humans
• Bears
• Pigs
• Crows

✅ Detritivores – Definition:

Detritivores are organisms that feed on dead and decaying organic matter, especially plant and animal remains. They help in breaking down waste and recycling nutrients in the ecosystem.

📘 Key Points:

• Detritivores do not digest inside cells like decomposers (e.g., fungi or bacteria); they ingest the matter.
• They are essential for soil health and nutrient cycles.

🔹 Examples of Detritivores:

• Earthworms 
• Millipedes
• Woodlice
• Dung beetles
• Certain fungi-eating snails.

Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by the body’s inability to produce enough hemoglobin, which is essential for carrying oxygen in the blood. It leads to anemia, fatigue, and other health complications.

✅Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin, leading to anemia.

• Types:
  • ✅Alpha Thalassemia
  • ✅Beta Thalassemia

📌 Important Points for Exams :

• ✅ Cause: Genetic mutation (inherited from parents)
• ✅ Affects: Hemoglobin production
• ✅ Result: Severe anemia and fatigue
• ✅ Inheritance: Autosomal recessive
• ✅ Treatment: Blood transfusions, bone marrow transplant, iron chelation
• ✅ Prevention: Prenatal screening, genetic counseling
• ✅ Most affected regions: Mediterranean, South Asia, Middle East, Africa.

Autophobia is a psychological condition also known as monophobia or isolophobia, where a person has an intense fear of being alone, even in a safe environment.

✅ Autophobia is the irrational fear of being alone or isolated.
It can cause severe anxiety even when there is no real danger or reason to feel threatened.

📌 Key Points for Exams:

• ✅ Type: Anxiety disorder / phobia
• ✅ Symptoms: Panic, sweating, nausea, fast heartbeat, fear of death when alone
• ✅ Not related to: Autism (different condition)
• ✅ Causes: Past trauma, abandonment, anxiety disorders
• ✅ Treatment: Therapy (CBT), medications (if severe), counseling.

Formation of RNA from DNA is called 👉 Transcription.

✅ Transcription is the biological process in which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template using the enzyme RNA polymerase.

📌 Key Points:

• ✅ Occurs in the nucleus (in eukaryotes)
• ✅ Involves mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA
• ✅ Enzyme involved: RNA polymerase
• ✅ First step in gene expression.

✅ Refractometer is used for 👉 measuring the refractive index of a substance.

✅ Refractometer is used for measuring 👉 sugar content in a solution, especially in liquids like fruit juice, honey, or soft drinks.

This is done by measuring the refractive index, which changes based on how much sugar is dissolved.

✅ A refractometer is an optical instrument used to measure the refractive index of liquids or solids, which helps determine concentration, purity, or composition.

📌 Key Uses:

• ✅ Determine sugar content (e.g., in fruit juice, honey)
• ✅ Check salinity (e.g., in aquariums or seawater)
• ✅ Measure concentration of solutions (e.g., in chemical labs)
• ✅ Test urine specific gravity (in medical diagnostics
• ✅ The sugar content is often expressed in °Brix (degrees Brix), which indicates grams of sugar per 100 grams of solution.

✅ Explanation for Exams:

• Machine Language is the only language that uses binary code (0s and 1s) only.
• It is the lowest-level language understood directly by computers.
• Each instruction is written in a series of binary digits.
• Other languages like C, Python, or Java must be translated into machine language before execution.

🔁 Synonyms used in exams:

• Binary Language
• Machine Code
• Low-Level Language.

➡️ A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

✅ Firewall refers to a system that protects a computer or network from unauthorized access.

🔒 Explanation for Exams:

A firewall is:

• ✅ A network security system (hardware or software).
• ✅ It blocks unauthorized access to or from a private network.
• ✅ Works by filtering data packets based on security rules.

✅ Phishing

Phishing is the technique used for tricking users to disclose their username and passwords through fake email.

📌 Explanation for Exams:

• ✅ Phishing is a cybercrime technique.
• ✅ Attackers send fake (fraudulent) emails pretending to be from trusted sources.
• ✅ Goal: Trick users into giving away usernames, passwords, bank details, etc.

📘 Explanation for Exams:

A set of procedures in data communication is called a protocol.

• In data communication, a protocol is:
  • ✅ A set of rules and procedures
  • ✅ Used for transmitting data between devices
  • ✅ Ensures reliable and secure communication

       🔄 Common Examples of Protocols:

• ✅ HTTP – for web communication
• ✅ TCP/IP – for internet communication
• ✅FTP – for file transfers
• ✅ SMTP – for emails

➡️ Primary data: Questionnaire survey is a type of survey used to collect primary data.

📘 Explanation for Exams:

• A questionnaire survey involves asking people pre-designed questions to gather information.
• It is a direct method of data collection.
• The data collected is first-hand, so it's called primary data.

📊 Types of Primary Data Collection Methods:

•  ✅  Questionnaires
•  ✅  Interviews
•  ✅  Surveys
•  ✅ Observations

✅ Formula:

Mean=Sum of numbers/Total numbers

40=Sum/7

Sum=7 ×  40

Sum=280

✅ Final Answer: 280.

To find the average marks of all the students, use the weighted average formula:

🎯 Given:

• Batch 1: 30 students, average = 70
• Batch 2: 50 students, average = 40
• Batch 3: 70 students, average = 60

✅ Step 1: Find total marks of each batch

• Batch 1: 30×70=2100
• Batch 2: 50×40=2000
• Batch 3: 70×60=4200

✅ Step 2: Total students and total marks

• Total students = 30+50+70=150 
• Total marks = 2100+2000+4200=8300

✅ Step 3: Average marks of all students

Average=8300/150=55.33

✅ Final Answer: 55.33 Marks.

Q: A train covers a certain journey in 5 hours at a speed of 45 km/h. What is the speed of the train for the same journey in 3 hours?

✅ Step 1: Find the total distance

Distance=Speed×Time

Distance=45×5=225 km

✅ Step 2: Find new speed to cover same distance in 3 hours

Speed=Distance/Time=

Distance=225/3=75 km/h

✅ Final Answer: 75 km/h.